• The first example of a broadly acting antiviral drug is

  2019-10-18

  

  The first example of a broadly-acting antiviral drug is ribavirin, a nucleoside analogue that was proposed to act directly at the level of the viral polymerase, although an indirect effect via inhibition of the host-cell IMP dehydrogenase and depletion of the GTP pool seems more plausible [9]. Anoth

• The presence of H PPases in parasitic

  2019-10-18

  

  The presence of H+-PPases in parasitic protists raises the question of the physiological role of these proteins. So far, they had been extensively characterized mainly in higher plants, and some prokaryotes [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [16], [20]. A common feature to all these organisms is tha

• br Concluding remarks br Introduction Hypertrophic pachymeni

  2019-10-18

  

  Concluding remarks Introduction Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is a neurologic disorder characterized by diffuse or focal thickening of the intracranial or spinal dura mater, presenting with intracranial hypertension, cranial nerve palsy and spinal cord dysfunction (Kupersmith et al., 2004;

• Many filarial species harbor an endosymbiotic bacterium of t

  2019-10-18

  

  Many filarial species harbor an endosymbiotic bacterium of the genus Wolbachia. A recent investigation of Wolbachia distribution in 35 filarial species including 28 species and 7 genera and/or subgenera have shown that 37% of them harbor Wolbachia (Ferri et al., 2011). In filarial nematodes, Wolbach

• RNA sequencing RNA seq is a particularly effective technolog

  2019-10-18

  

  RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is a particularly effective technology for gene discovery in a given process, especially in non-model species for which reference genome sequences are not available. Although the major application of RNA-seq analyses is the identification of differentially expressed genes (D

• Recently a sandwich cultured hepatocyte model

  2019-10-18

  

  Recently, a sandwich-cultured hepatocyte model has been proved to be a valuable in vitro system that maintains specific hepatic cytomorphology and function relevant to drug metabolism, disposition and toxicity, and thus, closely resembles the in vivo setting. This hepatocyte model was recognized as

• br Acknowledgements The study was supported by grant no from

  2019-10-18

  

  Acknowledgements The study was supported by grant no. 501-003-11043 from the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw. The authors thank Mrs. Ala Biegaj for the excellent technical assistance. Introduction In an effort to identify hIFN receptor molecules encoded by a gene(s) within hum

• antioxidants Introduction The first reference to a

  2019-10-18

  

  Introduction The first reference to a possible involvement of orexins in the effects of drugs of abuse appeared in 2003 and showed that orexigenic peptide neurons respond to the chronic administration of morphine followed by abrupt withdrawal symptoms caused by opioid receptor antagonists (Georgesc

• br Material and methods br Results br Discussion The present

  2019-10-18

  

  Material and methods Results Discussion The present study shows that peripheral administration of the nonpeptidic corticotropin-releasing factor CRF1 receptor antagonist CP-154,526 before a social defeat inhibits the development of CPP induced with a subthreshold dose of cocaine and reverse

• This letter reports an ab

  2019-10-18

  

  This letter reports an ab initio study on the X peaks of PES by including the SO effect. The multiplet split energies are calculated with the SO-MCQDPT2 method [21], and the so-called pole strengths are evaluated to simulate the relative intensities. The results are compared with the experimental PE

• CD is a key co stimulation surface marker that

  2019-10-18

  

  CD28 is a key co-stimulation surface marker that can be detected in all peripheral T JNJ 5207852 dihydrochloride in newborns, and the proportion of CD28bearing T cells reduces progressively with age [reviewed by (Fagnoni et al., 1996; Weng et al., 2009)]. Therefore, CD28nullCD8+ T cells are one of

• br In order to determine the physiological

  2019-10-18

  

  In order to determine the physiological roles of WT (wild type) EWSR1, Dr. Lee\'s group established a conventional Ewsr1 KO mouse [38]. Since then, the Ewsr1 KO (−/−) mouse model has successfully been utilized to decipher many important in vivo roles of EWSR1 (Fig. 1). EWSR1 deficiency alters m

• br Conclusion The past few years have

  2019-10-18

  

  Conclusion The past few years have witnessed substantial progress in understanding the structural mechanisms of substrate recognition and the reactions catalyzed by the O-GlcNAc-cycling enzymes, but more work remains. In particular, future research will be needed to establish how OGT and OGA inte

• br STAR Methods br Microenvironmental niches

  2019-10-17

  

  STAR★Methods Microenvironmental niches for naïve and activated B cells Secondary lymphoid organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, are structurally and functionally compartmentalized to provide a set of microenvironmental niches that support the survival of resting B cells, as well as the a

• Family and twin studies have estimated the

  2019-10-17

  

  Family and twin studies have estimated the heritability of obesity to be between 40 and 70% [5], [6], [7]. However, all known risk variants can only account for ∼3% of the variance in BMI [8], [9]. Therefore, alternate methods are needed to identify additional risk factors. In recent decades, Droso

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